Adopting feminist perspectives is, by and large, novel in social science. However, feminism historical background might be followed until 18th century. Through the years, patriarchal epistemology and gendered metaphysics of science have been criticized fundamentally by radical feminist thinkers. Although such criticisms obviously have limitations, their constructive role in addressing original insights is undeniable. Due to Ubiquity of organizations in modern world and significance of power within organization, organizational life has great potential for feminist criticism. Feminist scholars provide creative insights for organization studies and reveal the true nature of organizations. This paper discusses about critical reading of organizational life and aspects of organizations criticized by feminism. In other words, the main question is which characteristics of organizational life make it susceptible to feminist criticism. The current descriptive research is conducted through Theme Analysis (TA) method; a widely used approach to qualitative content. Reviewing 21 texts, it is maintained that objects of feminist criticism in organization studies could be depicted in two-level framework.

Leadership Studies is a new interdisciplinary field of Organization Studies that is growing at a steady rate all over the world. Leadership studies are seen as a branch of Management and Organization Sciences despite its philosophical roots that can be traced back to Plato’s philosophical writings such as Laws, Politics, or The Republic. Starting from Burns’ seminal book, Leadership (1978), and subsequent discussions with American business ethics pioneer Joanne Ciulla, a fundamental methodological question emerged: whether Leadership studies are a normative or a descriptive field of study.

During recent decades, researchers have attempted to understand individual and group level behavior, at micro levels while macro level researchers studied organizational and institutional level behavior. Yet few scholars have examined organizational effects on individual and group behavior and the effects of individual and group behavior on organization as a whole. Such a research can lead to a new vision in organization and management studies and make it easy to a better understanding of human organizations and communities. This article introduces multilevel approach which combines micro and macro approaches and establishes a more comprehensive knowledge of organizations. First, it reviews the problem of “level of analysis” in organizational and management theories. Then, the application of multilevel approach is shown by presenting an example. Finally the article discusses the barriers and benefits of this approach in the process of building and developing organization and management theories.

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Management researchers have different ontological assumptions. Critical analysis of these assumptions is necessary. This article discussed the possibility of influencing the ontology of Transcendent Theosophy (al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah) on the fields of organization and management studies. Regarding the being of management, we are faced with two imaginary entities: the being of management, which is an imaginary category, and the addition of this category to duty, responsibility, and authority, which is abstracted from concrete examples of managerial behavior. These categories come into being following expedients that have been discovered by the theoretical wisdom, and to realize it, the practical knowledge along with the will, begins to forge imaginary in the name of management and organization. The requirement of such an imagination is formative intervention from the management position. Management interventions that appear in behaviors and under various concepts are limited and distinct facts. These distinctions go back to the existence of behaviors and, according to mental analysis,they represent two dimensions, fundamental and non-fundamental. Fundamental is the existence of objective behaviors and non-fundamental is the things that cause the formation of distinct concepts of behaviors. Spirituality and stability in religious belief is a way to return to the fundamental fact, which leads to a superior perception and finally a return to the self-high national politics from a philosophical point of view. Management knowledge is built upon diverse ontological assumptions, necessitating critical examination. This paper investigates the potential influence of transcendent theosophy (al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah) ontology on organizational and management studies. Issue: The ontology of management deals with two conceptual categories: Management Category: This category is added to the duties, responsibilities, and authorities abstracted from concrete instances of managerial behavior. Organization Category: This category is perceived as a container and context for achieving management goals. Approach: This paper analyzes the ontology of management based on Transcendent Wisdom. In this regard, concepts such as "interests, " "theoretical intellect, " "practical intellect, " "will, " "constitutive interventions, " "essence of behaviors, " "mental analysis, " "authenticity and inauthenticity, " "spirituality, " and "sustainability" are examined. Findings: Management and organization categories are conceptual entities constructed in pursuit of interests discovered by the theoretical intellect and aimed at their realization by the practical intellect and will. Managerial interventions, manifested in various behaviors and concepts, represent limited and distinct truths. Distinctions among these truths stem from the essence of behaviors and reflect mental analysis and the differentiation between authentic and inauthentic dimensions. Authenticity pertains to the essence of objective behaviors, while inauthenticity refers to the characteristics that shape distinct conceptualizations of behaviors. Spirituality and sustainability in religious belief provide a path to return to authentic essence and superior perception, ultimately leading to a transcendent political order from a philosophical perspective. Conclusion: The ontology of transcendent wisdom can enrich the theoretical foundations of management and offer a novel paradigm for Islamic management. According to limitations of positivist ontology, which underpins much of management theory in fully comprehending the nature of behavioral entities, it argues that the perceived constraints and limitations of behavioral entities stem from the limitations of theoretical wisdom that govern practical wisdom and will. The static and deficient nature of behaviors often portrayed in management theories, from a transcendent ontology perspective, reflects a regression to static and deficient actions in the behavioral interactions of the human soul. This regression, in turn, has implications for the behavioral consequences of these interactions. The limitations of positivist ontology confine behavioral findings to a horizontal progression, rather than a vertical ascent in the levels of existence. The evolution of management and organizational theories, while incorporating insights from transcendent ontology, remains largely confined to this horizontal progression. From the perspective of transcendent ontology, the powerful, pure, and complete essence of existence is never separated from the seemingly limited and deficient essences. These essences are enveloped and intertwined within that superior and authentic existence. The more attention these essences shift from the deficiencies of their limited level of existence to the superior attributes of higher existence, the more their level of existence intensifies, and they can better represent their true position in existence. Consequently, they become more complete, resolute, and aware expressions of their existence. Management interventions and behaviors, as manifestations of absolute existence in action, are imbued with life, growth, power, and will. These behavioral attributes enable human beings to progress and develop. Every behavior and intervention, by its existence, exhibits life, power, knowledge, and will. It is an organizational transformation through vertical and horizontal ontological progression. This organizational transformation entails a dual process of progression. Vertical ontological progression upward movement involves transcending the limitations of each level of existence and ascending towards higher levels of intensity, perfection, and completeness. Also horizontal ontological progression entails moving from one veil of existence to another, gradually shedding limitations and gaining deeper insights. Theoretical wisdom plays a crucial role in uncovering this expansive existence, while practical wisdom, guided by will, serves as the driving force for translating theoretical insights into tangible actions. Within this framework, management is viewed not merely as a set of administrative tasks but as a transformative force capable of shaping an organization's trajectory toward its ultimate purpose. Through deliberate interventions and actions, management can guide an organization towards a state of "perfect governance" or "total annihilation”. As the organization progresses along these paths of transformation, it becomes a manifestation of the Divine Names. These Divine Names represent the attributes and actions of God, such as power, knowledge, life, and will. These attributes, ultimately united under the comprehensive Divine Name "The Living, the Self-Subsisting", become embodied in the organization's functioning and the behaviors of its agents. The Islamic Management Paradigm, rooted in transcendent ontology, offers a profound perspective on management as a transformative force capable of guiding organizations towards a state of alignment with higher levels of existence and becoming a manifestation of Divine Names. This transformative journey requires a deep understanding of the expansive nature of existence, the interplay between theoretical and practical wisdom, and the conscious pursuit of vertical and horizontal ontological progression.

Purpose: The present research aimed at finding an answer to the question of the process of influence of cyberspace on Iranian Poetry in the future, and the influence of cyberspace on various aspects of poetry such as content, its audience, the poet, the media that published the poem, the process of composing the poem, the rights of the author, and Globalization of the Iranian poetry. Method: The Delphi technique was used to carry out this research. A group of experts comprising professors in the fields of Communication and Literature was selected. The expert’s opinions were collected and analyzed through an in-depth interview, a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, and by the execution of three stages of Delphi rounds. Findings: Accordingly, considering the content, the experts predicted that due to the impact of cyberspace, the quality of the poetry will be reduced and consequently, the language of poetry will become simpler and close to prose and it will only reflect the daily events of life. Regarding the audience, they concluded that the audience’s selection power will be increased, however, we can differentiate between the public and professional audience. With respect to the sender, there will be no phenomenon of multi authors, and regarding the channel, the experts agreed upon Media Convergence besides, the poets’ agency in publishing their own poems will be increased. Conclusion: Experts believe that the spread of communication technologies will make censorship ineffective. This is the only case in which the group believes in the impact of technology on the future of poetry. The group of experts did not reach a consensus regarding the impact of technology on the phenomena such as publication of author’s poems as one’s original work and the Globalization of Iranian poetry, thus, analyzed these items in the framework of the human agency.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research, the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

According to the new theory of metaphor, metaphors contribute a crucial role in understanding phenomena by structuring and classifying concepts and the semantic system of the human mind. Based on this, by diagnosing the metaphors governing people's minds, it is possible to understand their way of looking at the world to some extent and predict their actions towards their surrounding environment. On the other hand, the purpose of social sciences, including management, is to understand, predict and control human actions. A simple comparison between the stated function of identifying people's mind metaphors and the purpose of social sciences can well explain the status of metaphor research (with the aim of describing people's mind metaphors) in social sciences. However, despite the stated importance, no coherent and systematic method for metaphor research has been presented so far, and often the results of these researches, i.e., metaphors, have been given attention. The authors intend to present a revised method for metaphor research in organization and management studies in the form of five main steps: statement of the problem and research rationale, research question, data collection method, data interpretation method, and how to write the conclusion in metaphorical research.